-
1 without intervals
Макаров: беспрерывно, непрерывно -
2 without intervals
беспрерывно/непрерывно -
3 interval
['ɪntəv(ə)l]n1) интервал, период, промежуток, расстояние между чем-либо, диапазонThe young plants should be set at intervals of six inches. — Молодые растения следует высаживать на расстоянии шести люймов друг от друга.
- void interval- recurrence interval
- ideal interval
- dead interval
- brief interval
- irregular interval
- temperature interval
- interline interval
- stated interval
- graduation interval
- interval value
- interval boundary
- interval zone
- interval between two trees
- interval of allowed values
- at short intervals
- at regular intervals
- at a certain interval
- at intervals of ten feet
- at intervals
- in the interval M to N
- maintain an interval between smth
- subdivide an interval
- accurately determine a short-time interval
- accurately determine an interval of short duration2) промежуток времени, временной интервал, пауза, перерыв, перемена, антракт, затишьеHe came during the interval. — Он пришел во время перерыва
- checl-out interval- time intervals
- ten-day interval
- equal time intervals
- design-basis time interval
- service interval
- four-dimensional interval
- characteristic time interval
- generation interval
- minute's interval
- safety interval
- week's interval
- lucid interval
- interval between lessons
- time interval from approximately the XV century through the XIX century
- in the interval
- at intervals of an hour
- at stated intervals
- after a suitable interval
- without intervals
- measurement of time intervals
- sleep during the intervals -
4 interval
n1) проміжок, відстань між (чимсь); інтервал2) пауза; проміжок (часу); перерва3) антракт, перерва4) муз. інтервалat intervals — а) тут і там; то тут, то там; б) з проміжками, на відстані; в) час від часу, інколи
* * *n1) проміжок, відстань між ( чим-небудь); інтервал2) проміжок часу; паузаlucid interval — мeд. період ясної свідомості, коротка ремісія явищ при психозі; затишок; період затишку
at intervals — час від часу, часом; через певні проміжки часу, регулярно; перерва (між урокам; антракт)
3) мyз. інтервал4) aмep.; = intervale -
5 interval
[ʹıntəv(ə)l] n1. промежуток, расстояние между (чем-л.); интервалan interval between two trees - промежуток /расстояние/ между двумя деревьями
at intervals - с промежутками, на расстоянии
at short [long, regular] intervals - а) с небольшими [большими, равномерными] промежутками; б) на небольшом [большом, одинаковом] расстоянии
at intervals of ten feet - с промежутками в десять футов, на расстоянии десяти футов
2. 1) промежуток времени; интервал, паузаa week's interval, an interval of a week - недельный перерыв
lucid interval - а) мед. период ясного сознания, короткая ремиссия явлений при психозе, светлый промежуток; б) затишье; период затишья
at intervals - а) время от времени, временами; б) через определённые промежутки времени, регулярно
without interval(s) - беспрерывно, непрерывно
2) перерыв; перемена ( между уроками); антракт3. муз. интервалmajor [minor] interval - большой [малый] интервал
4. амер. = intervale♢
at intervals - а) здесь и там; б) то там, то здесь; [см. тж. 1 и 2, 1)] -
6 hiccup
1. noun1) Schluckauf, der2. intransitive verbhave/get [the] hiccups — [den] Schluckauf haben/bekommen
schlucksen (ugs.); hick machen (ugs.); (many times) den Schluckauf haben* * *1. noun1) ((the sound caused by) a sudden brief stopping of the breath caused by eg eating or drinking too much, too quickly.) der Schluck2) ((in plural) the frequent repetition of this, at intervals of a few seconds: an attack of hiccoughs; I've got the hiccups.) der Schluckauf2. verb(to make a hiccup or hiccups.) Schluckauf haben* * *hic·cough, hic·cup[ˈhɪkʌp]I. n2. (attack)to get/have [an attack of] the \hiccups Schluckauf bekommen/habenwithout any \hiccup ohne StörungenI can't stop \hiccuping mein Schluckauf hört nicht auf* * *['hɪkʌp]1. nSchluckauf m; (fig inf = problem) Problemchen nt (inf)to have the hiccoughs — den Schluckauf haben
to give a hiccough — hick machen (inf), hicksen (dial)
the recent sales hiccough — die jüngsten Verkaufsprobleme
2. vihicksen (dial)he started hiccoughing — er bekam den Schluckauf
* * *A s1. Schluckauf m:give a hiccup → B a2. pl Schluckauf(anfall) m:have (the) hiccups → B b;it gives me (the) hiccups ich bekomme Schluckauf davon3. umg kleineres ProblemB v/ia) schlucksen umgb) den Schluckauf habenC v/t abgehackt hervorbringen* * *1. noun1) Schluckauf, der2. intransitive verbhave/get [the] hiccups — [den] Schluckauf haben/bekommen
schlucksen (ugs.); hick machen (ugs.); (many times) den Schluckauf haben* * *n.Schluckauf m. v.Schluckauf haben ausdr. -
7 parallel
ˈpærəlel
1. сущ.
1) а) копия, нечто очень похожее Syn: counterpart б) параллель;
аналогия, соответствие, сравнение Readers familiar with English history find a vague parallel to the suppression of the monasteries. ≈ Читатели, знакомые с английской историей увидели здесь далекую параллель и подавлением монастырей. There are significant parallels with 1980s. ≈ Все очень похоже на то, как было в восьмидесятых. draw a parallel Syn: equivalent, conformity, accordance, similarity
2) а) параллельная линия in parallel ≈ параллельно б) геогр. параллель (служит для определения широты)
3) состояние/свойство параллельности, параллелизм, параллельность
4) электр. параллельное соединение
5) полигр. знак " " (вертикальная черта)
2. прил.
1) параллельный а) геом. расположенный параллельно б) одновременный, происходящий в одно и то же время в) эл. соединенный параллельно г) муз. об интервале, тональности parallel talks between the two countrie's Foreign Ministers ≈ одновременные переговоры министров иностранных дел двух стран This trail was parallel to the border. ≈ След шел параллельно с границей.
2) аналогичный, подобный, похожий, сходный There was a parallel passage in the second volume. ≈ Во втором томе был похожий абзац. Syn: similar, analogous, corresponding
3. гл.
1) проводить параллель (между чем-л.) ;
сравнивать( с чем-л. ≈ with) Syn: compare
1.
2) а) находить параллель (чему-л.), подбирать пару, находить соответствие б) соответствовать( чему-л., кому-л.) Often there are emotional reasons paralleling the financial ones. ≈ Часто к эмоциональным причинам примешиваются финансовые. Syn: correspond, conform
3) а) быть параллельным, располагать(ся) параллельно б) идти в параллельном направлении, двигаться в параллельном направлении проходить параллельно
4) электр. (при-) соединять параллельно, шунтировать параллельная линия - in * параллельно параллель - * of latitude (география) параллель - * of altitude (астрономия) (геодезия) альмукантарат;
параллель высоты - * of declination( астрономия) суточная параллель - to reckon a * определять широту соответствие, аналогия, параллель - to draw a * between two things сравнивать две вещи - this is without * этому нет равного, с этим ничто не сравнится - a brilliant film without (a) * блестящий фильм, не имеющий себе равного - to have no * in history не иметь себе равного в истории;
не иметь аналогии (электротехника) параллельное соединение (полиграфия) знак || (военное) параллель (в фортификации) параллельный - * line параллельная линия - * bars (спортивное) параллельные брусья - * trench( военное) траншея;
продольный окоп - * current( специальное) прямоток - * flow (специальное) параллельное течение;
ламинарный поток - * folding (геология) параллельная и концентрическая складчатость - * guides (техническое) параллели (станка) ;
параллельные направляющие - * intervals (музыкальное) параллельные интервалы - * motion( музыкальное) параллельное голосоведение - * editing (кинематографический) параллельный монтаж - * search параллельный поиск - to be * to smth. быть расположенным параллельно чему-либо - negotiations ran * with hostilities переговоры велись, но военные действия не прекращались аналогичный, подобный, похожий - * case аналогичный случай - * instance подобный случай - a * passage in chapter nine аналогичный отрывок в девятой главе проводить параллель (между чем-либо), сравнивать (что-либо) ;
сравнивать (с чем-либо) - I cannot * these facts я не могу найти факты, подобные этим соответствовать - it cannot be *ed этому нет равного (американизм) быть параллельным, проходить параллельно - the street *s the railroad улица идет параллельно железной дороге (электротехника) присоединять параллельно;
шунтировать ~ параллель;
соответствие, аналогия;
in parallel параллельно;
to draw a parallel between проводить параллель между ~ параллель;
соответствие, аналогия;
in parallel параллельно;
to draw a parallel between проводить параллель между parallel аналогия ~ быть параллельным, проходить параллельно;
the road parallels the river дорога проходит параллельно реке ~ полигр. знак | ~ находить параллель (чему-л.) ~ геогр. параллель ~ параллель;
соответствие, аналогия;
in parallel параллельно;
to draw a parallel between проводить параллель между ~ параллельная линия ~ эл. параллельное соединение ~ параллельный (to) ~ параллельный, аналогичный, подобный ~ параллельный ~ подобный, аналогичный;
parallel instance подобный случай ~ подобный ~ проводить параллель (между чем-л.) ;
сравнивать (with) ~ эл. (при-) соединять параллельно, шунтировать ~ соответствие ~ соответствовать ~ соответствовать ~ сравнивать ~ подобный, аналогичный;
parallel instance подобный случай ~ быть параллельным, проходить параллельно;
the road parallels the river дорога проходит параллельно рекеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > parallel
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8 parallel
1. [ʹpærəlel] n1. 1) часто pl параллельная линия2) параллель (тж. геогр.)parallel of latitude - геогр. параллель
parallel of altitude - астр., геод. альмукантарат; параллель высоты
parallel of declination - астр. суточная параллель
2. соответствие, аналогия, параллельthis /it/ is without parallel - этому нет равного, с этим ничто не сравнится
a brilliant film without (a) parallel - блестящий фильм, не имеющий себе равного
to have no parallel in history - не иметь себе равного в истории; не иметь аналогии
3. эл. параллельное соединение4. полигр. знак ||5. воен. параллель ( в фортификации)2. [ʹpærəlel] a1. параллельныйparallel bars - спорт. параллельные брусья
parallel trench - воен. траншея; продольный окоп
parallel current - спец. прямоток
parallel flow - спец. параллельное течение; ламинарный поток
parallel folding - геол. параллельная и концентрическая складчатость
parallel guides - тех. параллели (станка и т. п.); параллельные направляющие
parallel intervals - муз. параллельные интервалы
parallel motion - муз. параллельное голосоведение
parallel editing - кино параллельный монтаж
to be [to run] parallel to /with/ smth. - быть расположенным [идти] параллельно чему-л.
negotiations ran parallel with hostilities - переговоры велись, но военные действия не прекращались
2. аналогичный, подобный, похожий3. [ʹpærəlel] v1. проводить параллель (между чем-л.), сравнивать (что-л.); сравнивать (с чем-л.)I cannot parallel these facts - я не могу найти /подобрать/ факты, подобные этим
2. соответствовать3. обыкн. амер. быть параллельным, проходить параллельноthe street parallels the railroad - улица идёт параллельно железной дороге
4. эл. присоединять параллельно; шунтировать -
9 hiccough
1. noun1) ((the sound caused by) a sudden brief stopping of the breath caused by eg eating or drinking too much, too quickly.) der Schluck2) ((in plural) the frequent repetition of this, at intervals of a few seconds: an attack of hiccoughs; I've got the hiccups.) der Schluckauf2. verb(to make a hiccup or hiccups.) Schluckauf haben* * *hic·cough, hic·cup[ˈhɪkʌp]I. n2. (attack)to get/have [an attack of] the \hiccoughs Schluckauf bekommen/habenwithout any \hiccough ohne StörungenI can't stop \hiccoughing mein Schluckauf hört nicht auf* * *['hɪkʌp]1. nSchluckauf m; (fig inf = problem) Problemchen nt (inf)to have the hiccoughs — den Schluckauf haben
to give a hiccough — hick machen (inf), hicksen (dial)
the recent sales hiccough — die jüngsten Verkaufsprobleme
2. vihicksen (dial)he started hiccoughing — er bekam den Schluckauf
* * *A s1. Schluckauf m:give a hiccup → B a2. pl Schluckauf(anfall) m:have (the) hiccups → B b;it gives me (the) hiccups ich bekomme Schluckauf davon3. umg kleineres ProblemB v/ia) schlucksen umgb) den Schluckauf habenC v/t abgehackt hervorbringen* * *n.Schluckauf m. -
10 hiccup
1. noun1) ((the sound caused by) a sudden brief stopping of the breath caused by eg eating or drinking too much, too quickly.) hikke, hikking2) ((in plural) the frequent repetition of this, at intervals of a few seconds: an attack of hiccoughs; I've got the hiccups.) hikke2. verb(to make a hiccup or hiccups.) hikkehikkeIsubst. \/ˈhɪkʌp\/ eller hiccough1) hikke, hikking2) ( hverdagslig) kortvarig tilbakeslag, mindre hindringhave the hiccups ha hikkewithout a hiccup uten problemerIIverb \/ˈhɪkʌp\/ eller hiccoughhikke -
11 function
1) функция, действие || функционировать; действовать- essential functions - routine function - safety-related functions2) функциональное назначение; роль- circuit function - intrinsic function - metering function - primary function - robot function - planning function - service function - support function4) функциональный узел ( машины)5) матем. функциональная зависимость, функция- absolutely additive function - absolutely bounded function - absolutely continuous function - absolutely integrable function - absolutely monotone function - absolutely summable function - absolutely symmetric function - almost complex function - almost continuous function - almost convex function - almost everywhere defined function - almost everywhere finite function - almost invariant function - almost periodic function - almost recursive function - almost separably-valued function - almost separating function - almost universal function - analytically independent function - analytically representable function - approximately differentiable function - asymptotically differentiable function - asymptotically finite function - asymptotically uniformly optimal function - bounded below function - cellwise continuous function - circumferentially mean p-valent function - comparison function - complementary error function - complete analytic function - completely additive function - completely computable function - completely monotone function - completely multiplicative function - completely productive function - completely subadditive function - completely symmetrical function - completely undefined function - complex hyperbolic function - conditional risk function - countably multiplicative function - countably valued function - covariant function - cumulative distribution function - cumulative frequency function - deficiency function - double limit function - doubly periodic function - doubly recursive function - effectively computable function - effectively constant function - effectively decidable function - effectively variable function - elementarily symmetric function - entire function of maximum type - entire function of mean type - entire function of potential type - entire function of zero type - entire rational function - essentially increasing function - essentially integrable function - essentially real function - essentially smooth function - everywhere differentiable function - everywhere smooth function - expansible function - explicitly definable function - exponentially convex function - exponentially decreasing function - exponentially increasing function - exponentially multiplicative function - exponentially vanishing function - finitely mean valent function - finitely measurable function - function of appropriate behavior - function of bounded characteristic - function of bounded type - function of bounded variation - function of complex variable - function of exponential type - function of finite genus - function of finite variation - function of fractional order - function of infinite type - function of integral order - function of maximal type - function of minimal type - function of mixed variables - function of normal type - function of number theory - function of one variable - function of rapid descent - function of rapid growth - function of real variable - general universal function - geometric carrier function - implicitly definable function - incomplete dibeta function - incomplete gamma function - incomplete tribeta function - incompletely defined function - inductively defined function - inductively integrable function - infinitely divisible function - infinitely many-valued function - integral logarithmic function - inverse trigonometric function - inverted beta function - iterative function - joint correlation function - joint density function - linearly separable function - locally bounded function - locally constant function - locally holomorphic function - locally homogeneous function - locally integrable function - locally negligible function - locally regular function - locally summable function - logarithmic generating function - logarithmic integral function - logarithmically infinite function - logarithmically plurisubharmonic function - logarithmically subharmonic function - lower semicontinuous function - monotone non-decreasing function - monotone non-increasing function - multiply periodic function - multiply recursive function - negative definite function - negative infinite function - nontangentially bounded function - normalized function - normed function - nowhere continuous function - nowhere differentiable function - nowhere monotonic function - n-times differentiable function - n-tuply periodic function - numeralwise expressible function - numeralwise representable function - numerical function - numerically valued function - oblate spheroidal function - operating characteristic function - optimal policy function - parametrically definable function - partially symmetric function - piecewise constant function - piecewise continuously differentiable function - piecewise linear function - piecewise monotonic function - piecewise polynomial function - piecewise quadratic function - piecewise regular function - piecewise smooth function - pointwise approximated function - positive homogeneous function - positive infinite function - positive monotone function - positive monotonic function - positive semidefinite function - potentially calculable function - potentially recursive function - power series function - probability generating function - quadratically summable function - rapidly damped function - rapidly decreasing function - rapidly oscillatory function - recursively continuous function - recursively convergent function - recursively defined function - recursively differentiable function - recursively divergent function - recursively extensible function - relative distribution function - relative frequency function - representing function - reproducing kernel function - residual function - residue function - scalarwise integrable function - scalarwise measurable function - sectionally smooth function - simply periodic function - singly recursive function - slowly increasing function - slowly oscillating function - slowly varying function - smoothly varying function - solid spherical harmonic function - solid zonal harmonic function - steadily increasing function - stopped random function - strictly convex function - strictly decreasing function - strictly increasing function - strictly integrable function - strictly monotone function - strongly differentiable function - strongly holomorphic function - strongly integrable function - strongly measurable function - strongly plurisubharmonic function - totally additive function - totally continuous function - totally measurable function - totally multiplicative function - totally positive function - triangular function - uniformly best decision function - uniformly bounded function - uniformly definable function - uniformly differentiable function - uniformly homotopic function - uniformly integrable function - uniformly limited function - uniformly measurable function - uniformly smooth function - unit step function - unitary divisor function - upper measurable function - upper semicontinuous function - weakly analytic function - weakly continuous function - weakly differentiable function - weakly holomorphic function - weakly measurable function - weakly singular function - weighted random functiondomain of a function — область определения функции, область изменения независимой переменной
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12 parallel
1. n часто параллельная линия2. n соответствие, аналогия, параллельthis is without parallel — этому нет равного, с этим ничто не сравнится
3. n эл. параллельное соединение4. n полигр. знакparallel dash — двойное тире, знак равенства
5. n воен. параллельparallel of altitude — альмукантарат; параллель высоты
6. a параллельныйparallel trench — траншея; продольный окоп
parallel flow — параллельное течение; ламинарный поток
parallel guides — параллели ; параллельные направляющие
7. a аналогичный, подобный, похожий8. v проводить параллель, сравнивать; сравниватьI cannot parallel these facts — я не могу найти факты, подобные этим
9. v соответствовать10. v обыкн. амер. быть параллельным, проходить параллельно11. v эл. присоединять параллельно; шунтироватьСинонимический ряд:1. concurrent (adj.) collateral; concurrent2. harmonic (adj.) harmonic; tonic3. like (adj.) agnate; akin; alike; analogous; coinciding; comparable; comparative; conforming; consonant; correspondent; corresponding; equal; equivalent; identical; intercomparable; like; resembling; similar; such; suchlike; undifferenced; undifferentiated; uniform4. analog (noun) analog; corollary; equivalent5. analogue (noun) analogue; correlate; correspondent; counterpart; countertype; match6. resemblance (noun) analogy; comparison; correlation; correspondence; likeness; resemblance; similarity7. collimate (verb) collimate; collocate; parallelize8. compare (verb) compare; correlate; correspond; match; measure up; resemble; touch9. correspond to (verb) correspond to; duplicate; equal10. equate (verb) analogise; assimilate; equate; liken; paragonАнтонимический ряд:contrast; crooked; diagonal; differ; different; dissimilar; dissimilarity; distorted; diverge; divergent; incongruous; irregular; oblique; opposed; singular -
13 regular
1. n обыкн. регулярные войска2. n разг. постоянный посетитель или клиент; завсегдатай3. n разг. амер. разг. человек, ведущий размеренный образ жизни4. n амер. полит. кандидат, выдвинутый партией5. n амер. полит. преданный сторонник партии; избиратель, на которого можно положитьсяshe is a regular pepper-box — она страшная злюка;
6. n амер. полит. средний размер7. n амер. полит. мужская одежда средних размеров8. a правильный, размеренный, нормальный; регулярныйregular habits — размеренная жизнь, привычка делать всё в определённое время
9. a очередной10. a правильный, красивыйregular hexahedron — правильный шестигранник, куб
11. a обычный, привычныйmy regular time to go to bed — время, когда я обычно ложусь спать
regular court — обычный суд, суд общей юрисдикции
12. a нормальный, соответствующий норме13. a в соответствии с этикетом, с установленным порядком или принятой формой; официальныйto speak without a regular introduction — заговорить, не будучи официально представленным
14. a постоянныйregular customer — завсегдатай, постоянный посетитель или клиент
15. a воен. регулярный, кадровыйregular graph — однородный граф; регулярный граф
16. a квалифицированный, профессиональный17. a эмоц. -усил. настоящий, сущийa regular barn of a place — не помещение, а настоящий сарай
18. a амер. разг. приятный, милый, славный19. a амер. разг. выдвинутый партией20. a амер. разг. преданный, верный; надёжный21. a амер. разг. церк. принадлежащий к религиозному или монашескому ордену; отказавшийся от мира, монашескийregular clergy — чёрное духовенство, иеромонахи
22. a сл. правильно, нормально, размеренно; регулярно23. a сл. эмоц. -усил. оченьСинонимический ряд:1. balanced (adj.) balanced; commensurable; commensurate; proportional; proportionate; symmetrical2. common (adj.) common; everyday; familiar; ordinary; routine; widespread3. conforming (adj.) accordant; conforming; consistent; invariant; methodic; methodical; orderly; systematic4. even (adj.) constant; equable; even; smooth; steady; unchanging; uniform; unvarying5. general (adj.) accustomed; commonplace; customary; general; matter-of-course; natural; normal; prevalent; run-of-the-mill; standard; typic; typical; usual6. periodic (adj.) cyclic; established; fixed; frequent; habitual; periodic; recurrent7. utter (adj.) absolute; all-fired; arrant; black; blamed; blank; blankety-blank; blasted; bleeding; blessed; blighted; blinding; blithering; blue; complete; confounded; consummate; crashing; dad-blamed; dad-blasted; dad-burned; damned; dang; darn; dashed; deuced; doggone; double-distilled; durn; utterАнтонимический ряд:abnormal; anomalous; capricious; disordered; eccentric; erratic; exceptional; extraordinary; heterogeneous; inconsistent; inconstant; infrequent; irregular; uneven -
14 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives[br]b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, Englandd. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England[br]English civil and mechanical engineer.[br]The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
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15 Hipp, Matthäus
[br]b. 25 October 1813 Blaubeuren, Germanyd. 3 May 1893 Zurich, Switzerland[br]German inventor and entrepreneur who produced the first reliable electric clock.[br]After serving an apprenticeship with a clock-maker in Blaubeuren, Hipp worked for various clockmakers before setting up his own workshop in Reutlingen in 1840. In 1842 he made his first electric clock with an ingenious toggle mechanism for switching the current, although he claimed that the idea had occurred to him eight years earlier. The switching mechanism was the Achilles' heel of early electric clocks. It was usually operated by the pendulum and it presented the designer with a dilemma: if the switch made a firm contact it adversely affected the timekeeping, but if the contact was lightened it sometimes failed to operate due to dirt or corrosion on the contacts. The Hipp toggle switch overcame this problem by operating only when the amplitude of the pendulum dropped below a certain value. As this occurred infrequently, the contact pressure could be increased to provide reliable switching without adversely affecting the timekeeping. It is an indication of the effectiveness of the Hipp toggle that it was used in clocks for over one hundred years and was adopted by many other makers in addition to Hipp and his successor Favag. It was generally preferred for its reliability rather than its precision, although a regulator made in 1881 for the observatory at Neuchâtel performed creditably. This regulator was enclosed in an airtight case at low pressure, eliminating errors due to changes in barometric pressure. This practice later became standard for observatory regulators such as those of Riefler and Shortt. The ability of the Hipp toggle to provide more power when the clock was subjected to an increased load made it particularly suitable for use in turret clocks, whose hands were exposed to the vagaries of the weather. Hipp also improved the operation of slave dials, which were advanced periodically by an electrical impulse from a master clock. If the electrical contacts "chattered" and produced several impulses instead of a single sharp impulse, the slave dials would not indicate the correct time. Hipp solved this problem by producing master clocks which delivered impulses that alternated in polarity, and slave dials which only advanced when the polarity was changed in this way. Polarized impulses delivered every minute became the standard practice for slave dials used on the European continent. Hipp also improved Wheatstone's chronoscope, an instrument that was used for measuring very short intervals of time (such as those involved in ballistics).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary doctorate, University of Zurich 1875.Further ReadingNeue deutsche Biographie, 1972, Vol. 9, Berlin, pp. 199–200."Hipp's sich selbst conrolirende Uhr", Dinglers polytechnisches Journal (1843), 88:258– 64 (the first description of the Hipp toggle).F.Hope-Jones, 1949, Electrical Timekeeping, 2nd edn, London, pp. 62–6, 97–8 (a modern description in English of the Hipp toggle and the slave dial).C.A.Aked, 1983, "Electrical precision", Antiquarian Horology 14:172–81 (describes the observatory clock at Neuchâtel).DV -
16 Muybridge, Eadweard
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 9 April 1830 Kingston upon Thames, Englandd. 8 May 1904 Kingston upon Thames, England[br]English photographer and pioneer of sequence photography of movement.[br]He was born Edward Muggeridge, but later changed his name, taking the Saxon spelling of his first name and altering his surname, first to Muygridge and then to Muybridge. He emigrated to America in 1851, working in New York in bookbinding and selling as a commission agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. Through contact with a New York daguerreotypist, Silas T.Selleck, he acquired an interest in photography that developed after his move to California in 1855. On a visit to England in 1860 he learned the wet-collodion process from a friend, Arthur Brown, and acquired the best photographic equipment available in London before returning to America. In 1867, under his trade pseudonym "Helios", he set out to record the scenery of the Far West with his mobile dark-room, christened "The Flying Studio".His reputation as a photographer of the first rank spread, and he was commissioned to record the survey visit of Major-General Henry W.Halleck to Alaska and also to record the territory through which the Central Pacific Railroad was being constructed. Perhaps because of this latter project, he was approached by the President of the Central Pacific, Leland Stanford, to attempt to photograph a horse trotting at speed. There was a long-standing controversy among racing men as to whether a trotting horse had all four hooves off the ground at any point; Stanford felt that it did, and hoped than an "instantaneous" photograph would settle the matter once and for all. In May 1872 Muybridge photographed the horse "Occident", but without any great success because the current wet-collodion process normally required many seconds, even in a good light, for a good result. In April 1873 he managed to produce some better negatives, in which a recognizable silhouette of the horse showed all four feet above the ground at the same time.Soon after, Muybridge left his young wife, Flora, in San Francisco to go with the army sent to put down the revolt of the Modoc Indians. While he was busy photographing the scenery and the combatants, his wife had an affair with a Major Harry Larkyns. On his return, finding his wife pregnant, he had several confrontations with Larkyns, which culminated in his shooting him dead. At his trial for murder, in February 1875, Muybridge was acquitted by the jury on the grounds of justifiable homicide; he left soon after on a long trip to South America.He again took up his photographic work when he returned to North America and Stanford asked him to take up the action-photography project once more. Using a new shutter design he had developed while on his trip south, and which would operate in as little as 1/1,000 of a second, he obtained more detailed pictures of "Occident" in July 1877. He then devised a new scheme, which Stanford sponsored at his farm at Palo Alto. A 50 ft (15 m) long shed was constructed, containing twelve cameras side by side, and a white background marked off with vertical, numbered lines was set up. Each camera was fitted with Muybridge's highspeed shutter, which was released by an electromagnetic catch. Thin threads stretched across the track were broken by the horse as it moved along, closing spring electrical contacts which released each shutter in turn. Thus, in about half a second, twelve photographs were obtained that showed all the phases of the movement.Although the pictures were still little more than silhouettes, they were very sharp, and sequences published in scientific and photographic journals throughout the world excited considerable attention. By replacing the threads with an electrical commutator device, which allowed the release of the shutters at precise intervals, Muybridge was able to take series of actions by other animals and humans. From 1880 he lectured in America and Europe, projecting his results in motion on the screen with his Zoopraxiscope projector. In August 1883 he received a grant of $40,000 from the University of Pennsylvania to carry on his work there. Using the vastly improved gelatine dry-plate process and new, improved multiple-camera apparatus, during 1884 and 1885 he produced over 100,000 photographs, of which 20,000 were reproduced in Animal Locomotion in 1887. The subjects were animals of all kinds, and human figures, mostly nude, in a wide range of activities. The quality of the photographs was extremely good, and the publication attracted considerable attention and praise.Muybridge returned to England in 1894; his last publications were Animals in Motion (1899) and The Human Figure in Motion (1901). His influence on the world of art was enormous, over-turning the conventional representations of action hitherto used by artists. His work in pioneering the use of sequence photography led to the science of chronophotography developed by Marey and others, and stimulated many inventors, notably Thomas Edison to work which led to the introduction of cinematography in the 1890s.[br]Bibliography1887, Animal Locomotion, Philadelphia.1893, Descriptive Zoopraxography, Pennsylvania. 1899, Animals in Motion, London.1901, The Human Figure in Motion, London.Further Reading1973, Eadweard Muybridge: The Stanford Years, Stanford.G.Hendricks, 1975, Muybridge: The Father of the Motion Picture, New York. R.Haas, 1976, Muybridge: Man in Motion, California.B.Coe, 1992, Muybridge and the Chromophoto-graphers, London.BC -
17 log shipping
"Copying, at regular intervals, log backup from a read-write database (the primary database) to one or more remote server instances (secondary servers). Each secondary server has a read-only database, called a secondary database, that was created by restoring a full backup of the primary database without recovery. The secondary server restores each copied log backup to the secondary database. The secondary servers are warm standbys for the primary server." -
18 secondary database
"In log shipping, a read-only database that was created by restoring a full backup of the primary database (without recovery) on a separate server instance (the secondary server). Log backup from the primary database is restored at regular intervals onto the secondary database."
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